One factor that isn't being added to the discussion of water availability for plants is snowmelt. Plenty of bulbous plants grow in the foothills of high mountains, where they are lavishly watered during the snowmelt period (late spring to early summer) even though there may be no precipitation at that time. For plants in winter-rainfall regions, this extends the growing period significantly. There are also high-elevation bulbs (though not so many) that are dormant in winter and grow following snowmelt in spring, then either experience a very dry summer or summer thunderstorms and/or monsoon rainfall. The best survey of this topic in connection with bulbs is "Growing Bulbs" by Martyn Rix (Timber Press/Croom Helm, 1983). Its chapter 4, "Bulb-growing areas of the world," is 50 pages long and should be read by every PBS member. Although out of print, the book is widely available second hand. I once picked up three or four copies at Powell's Books and shared them with friends. In fact, I wonder if I could obtain permission to reproduce that chapter on the PBS website? If enough people express an interest, I'll investigate. Could it be scanned and posted as a pdf? The Pacific Northwest west of the higher mountain ranges (the Cascades, mostly) is often called a Mediterranean climate, but I'd modify that to "cool, wet Mediterranean." Brian Mathew once told me that the part of the world he knew that is most like the PNW is the Black Sea coast of Turkey, where one also finds a lot of early-summer-flowering bulbs such as Lilium. The Lilium species in the PNW are summer-flowering as well, especially L. washingtonianum, which grows mostly above the winter snow line. The Portland, Oregon area, where I live, had no measurable rainfall this past August, and only 0.04 inch so far in September. This is drier than usual, however. Despite the lack of moisture, some fall bulbs are in flower here today, such as Sternbergia (which can flower without any "triggering" moisture in nature), a number of Colchicum species and hybrids, Acis autumnalis and A. valentina, and three species of Prospero (formerly Scilla). The first flowers on Cyclamen graecum appeared today in their new special bed, a raised feature built of limestone tufa. Cyclamen mirabile is there, too. I haven't given the bulb house its first soaking yet because temperatures are still in the 80s Fahrenheit most days and I don't think winter-growing bulbs should ever be hot and wet at the same time. I did clean up the dead foliage and added more gravel mulch in the past few weeks. Next summer I'll probably have to lift certain things that have increased well. One for sure is Colchicum 'Disraeli'; I had kept it in a pot for years because it's expensive and hard to obtain, but once turned loose it bulked up tremendously and must have three dozen flowers open today. It is in the side of the bulb house that gets a little summer water. Most hybrid colchicums are fine with the kind of irrigation given to border plantings, but the smaller ones do fine if left dry all summer here. Jane McGary Portland, Oregon, USA